in //BCD TO HEX BY AAMIR JAMIL
sto 01
brz 04 // if 0
br 07
lda 01 // load 0 input
out
hlt
lda 80
sub 01
brz 11 //if 1
br 14
lda 87 //load 1
out
hlt
lda 81
sub 01
brz 18 // if 2
br 21
lda 88 //load 2
out
hlt
lda 82
sub 01
brz 25 // if 3
br 28
lda 89 // load 3
out
hlt
lda 83
sub 01
brz 32 //if 4
br 35
lda 90 //load 4
out
hlt
lda 84 //load 5
sub 01
brz 39 //if 5
br 42
lda 91 //load 5
out
hlt
lda 85 //load 6 = 110
sub 01
brz 46 //if 6
br 49
lda 92 // load 6
out
hlt
lda 86 // load 7 = 111
sub 01
brz 53 // if 7
br 57
lda 93 // load 7
out
hlt
hlt
*80
dat 001 //80 1
dat 010 //81 2
dat 011 //82 3
dat 100 //83 4
dat 101 //84 5
dat 110 //85 6
dat 111 //86 7
dat 001 //87
dat 002 //88
dat 003 //89
dat 004 //90
dat 005 //91
dat 006 //92
dat 007 //93
Thursday 19 July 2018
Friday 15 December 2017
VVM CREATE A PROGRAM FOR DIVISION WITH APPROXIMATE PART
Q)
Write a program in VVM Assembler which will divide two numbers, i.e. divide number A by number B. If B>A or B=0 or B is negative number, then the program should prompt for another input which is less than A (B<A). If the result involves decimal output then the program should take care of the decimal part to produce the approximate correct results.
in //input for a sto 90 //store a at 90 sto 94 //store a also at 94 in //input for b sto 91 //store b at 91 lda 91 //load b (91) brz 08 //if b = 0 read go for new input brp 09 //if b is negative go for new input jmp 03 //jump for b new input lda 90 //load a brz 70 //if a=0 then show directly zero lda 90 //load value 90 sub 91 //a-b brp 15 //if b>a go for new input jmp 03 //jump for b<a lda 90 //lda 90 brz 70 //branch if zero jump 70 sub 91 //subtract 90-91 sto 90 //store subtracted value at 90 brp 60 //branch if postive or zero jump 60 lda 94 //code fo approx : load 94 sub 95 //94-95 sto 95 //store subtracted value at 95 lda 96 //load 96 add 97 //add 96+97 sto 96 //store added value to 96 lda 95 //load 95 sub 93 //subtract 95-93 sto 95 //store at 95 brz 31 //branch if 95 is zero then jump 31 jmp 23 //jump 23 jmp 32 //:31 line no:jump 32 *32 //32 line no start lda 96 //load 96 brz 37 //branch if zero jump 37 line sub 91 //sub 96-91 sto 96 //store subtracted value at 96 brp 42 //branch if postive or zero then jump 42 line lda 98 //load 98 sub 99 //sub 98-99 brp 80 //branch if positive or zero jump 80 line br 70 //jump 70 *42 //42 line no starts lda 98 //load 98 add 93 //add 98+93 sto 98 //store at 98 jmp 32 //jump 32 *60 //60 line no starts lda 92 //lda 92 add 93 //add 93 sto 92 //sto added value 92 jmp 73 //jmp 73 *70 //70 line no starts lda 92 //load 92 out //output 92 hlt //exit or terminated program *73 //line 73 starts lda 91 //load 91 add 95 //add 91+95 sto 95 //store added value at 95 jmp 15 //jump 15 *80 //line no 80 starts lda 92 //load 92 add 93 //add 92+93 out //output added value hlt //exit program *90 //90 line no starts dat 000 //hardcoded value at 90(0) dat 000 //hardcoded value at 90(0) dat 000 //hardcoded value at 90(0) dat 001 //hardcoded value at 90(1) dat 000 //hardcoded value at 90(0) dat 000 //hardcoded value at 90(0) dat 000 //hardcoded value at 90(0) dat 010 //hardcoded value at 90(10) dat 000 //hardcoded value at 90(0) dat 005 //hardcoded value at 90(5)
Write a program in VVM Assembler which will divide two numbers, i.e. divide number A by number B. If B>A or B=0 or B is negative number, then the program should prompt for another input which is less than A (B<A). If the result involves decimal output then the program should take care of the decimal part to produce the approximate correct results.
in //input for a sto 90 //store a at 90 sto 94 //store a also at 94 in //input for b sto 91 //store b at 91 lda 91 //load b (91) brz 08 //if b = 0 read go for new input brp 09 //if b is negative go for new input jmp 03 //jump for b new input lda 90 //load a brz 70 //if a=0 then show directly zero lda 90 //load value 90 sub 91 //a-b brp 15 //if b>a go for new input jmp 03 //jump for b<a lda 90 //lda 90 brz 70 //branch if zero jump 70 sub 91 //subtract 90-91 sto 90 //store subtracted value at 90 brp 60 //branch if postive or zero jump 60 lda 94 //code fo approx : load 94 sub 95 //94-95 sto 95 //store subtracted value at 95 lda 96 //load 96 add 97 //add 96+97 sto 96 //store added value to 96 lda 95 //load 95 sub 93 //subtract 95-93 sto 95 //store at 95 brz 31 //branch if 95 is zero then jump 31 jmp 23 //jump 23 jmp 32 //:31 line no:jump 32 *32 //32 line no start lda 96 //load 96 brz 37 //branch if zero jump 37 line sub 91 //sub 96-91 sto 96 //store subtracted value at 96 brp 42 //branch if postive or zero then jump 42 line lda 98 //load 98 sub 99 //sub 98-99 brp 80 //branch if positive or zero jump 80 line br 70 //jump 70 *42 //42 line no starts lda 98 //load 98 add 93 //add 98+93 sto 98 //store at 98 jmp 32 //jump 32 *60 //60 line no starts lda 92 //lda 92 add 93 //add 93 sto 92 //sto added value 92 jmp 73 //jmp 73 *70 //70 line no starts lda 92 //load 92 out //output 92 hlt //exit or terminated program *73 //line 73 starts lda 91 //load 91 add 95 //add 91+95 sto 95 //store added value at 95 jmp 15 //jump 15 *80 //line no 80 starts lda 92 //load 92 add 93 //add 92+93 out //output added value hlt //exit program *90 //90 line no starts dat 000 //hardcoded value at 90(0) dat 000 //hardcoded value at 90(0) dat 000 //hardcoded value at 90(0) dat 001 //hardcoded value at 90(1) dat 000 //hardcoded value at 90(0) dat 000 //hardcoded value at 90(0) dat 000 //hardcoded value at 90(0) dat 010 //hardcoded value at 90(10) dat 000 //hardcoded value at 90(0) dat 005 //hardcoded value at 90(5)
Saturday 2 December 2017
Write a program in VVM Assembler which will divide two numbers, i.e. divide number A by number B
write a program in vvm which will divide two numbers i.e divide number A by number B if B>A or B=0 or B is negative then the program should prompt for another input for B<A, if A=0 then result should be zero and if a>b it should show result.in //input for a sto 90 //store a at 90 in //input for b sto 91 //store b at 91 lda 91 // load b (91) brz 07 // if b = 0 read go for new input brp 08 //if b is negative go for new input jmp 02 // jump for b new input lda 90 // load a brz 30 //if a=0 then show directly zero lda 90 // load 90 value sub 91 // a-b brp 14 //if b>a go for new input jmp 02 //jump for b<a lda 90 //load 90 brz 30 //if 90 value = 0 then jump 30 sub 91 //subtract values 90-91 sto 90 //store at 90 position brp 20 //if 90 value postive or zero then jump 20 jmp 30 //jump to line no 30 *20 //line 20 start lda 92 //load 92 add 93 //add 92+93 sto 92 //store the added value at 92 location jmp 14 //jump 14 line no *30 //line 30 starts lda 92 //load 92 out //output result hlt //terminated program *90 //90 line number start
dat 000 //90 location there is 0 hardcoded dat 000 //91 location there is 0 hardcoded dat 000 //92 location there is 0 hardcoded dat 001 //93 location there is 1 hardcoded
Friday 29 July 2016
Method Overriding & polymorphism
Method Overriding &
polymorphism by Aamir jamil
OBJECTIVE
Study Method Overriding, Abstract
class and Interface.
THEORY
Method
Overriding By aamirjamil
In
a class hierarchy, when a method in a subclass has the same name and type signature
as a method in its superclass, then the method in the subclass is said to override
the method in the superclass. When an overridden method is called from within
a subclass, it will always refer to the version of that method defined by the subclass.
The version of the method defined by the superclass will be hidden. Consider the
following:
// Method
overriding by aamir jamil
class A {
int i, j;
A(int a, int b) {
i = a;
j = b;
}
// display i and j
void show() {
System.out.println("i
and j: " + i + " " + j);
}
}
class B extends A {
int k;
B(int a, int b, int
c) {
super(a, b);
k = c;
}
// display k – this
overrides show() in A
void show() {
System.out.println("k:
" + k);
}
}
class Override {
public static void
main(String args[]) {
B subOb = new B(1,
2, 3);
subOb.show(); //
this calls show() in B
}
}
Output:
When
show( ) is invoked on an object of type B, the version of show(
) defined within B is used. That is, the version of show( ) inside
B overrides the version declared in A.
If
you wish to access the superclass version of an overridden function, you can do
so
by using super. For example, in this version of B, the superclass
version of show( ) is invoked within the subclass’ version. This allows
all instance variables to be displayed.
class B extends A {
int k;
B(int a, int b, int
c) {
super(a, b);
k = c;
}
void show() {
super.show(); //
this calls A's show()
System.out.println("k:
" + k);
}
}
If
you substitute this version of A into the previous program, you will see
the following output:
Polymorphism By aamirjamil
Polymorphism describes a language’s ability to process objects of various
types and classes through a single, uniform interface.
Polymorphism in Java has two
types: Compile time polymorphism (static binding) and Runtime polymorphism
(dynamic binding). Method overloading is an example of static polymorphism,
while method overriding is an example of dynamic polymorphism.
Polymorphism is the ability of an object to take on
many forms. The most common use of polymorphism in OOP occurs when a parent
class reference is used to refer to a child class object.
Using
Abstract Classes
There
are situations in which you will want to define a superclass that declares the structure
of a given abstraction without providing a complete implementation of every
method.
That is, sometimes you will want to create a superclass that only defines a generalized
form that will be shared by all of its subclasses, leaving it to each subclass
to
fill in the details. Such a class determines the nature of the methods that the
subclasses must implement.
- An abstract method will force to make
the class abstract.
- An abstract method cannot have a body.
Only signature is define with ";".
- Abstract class can contain both abstract
and non abstract methods.
- To use the non abstract methods of
abstract class we must make a child class.
- The child class must provide the
implementation of the parent abstract methods by overriding
- If a child cannot provide implementation
of parent abstract methods the abstract methods will force to make the
child class abstract. In that case we cannot make Object of child class
- Abstract class can be used as reference
class but not as Object class.
- After providing implementations of all
abstract methods in the hierarchy we can create Objects
// By aamirjamil
abstract class A
{
abstract void add()
{ //Abstract method with body
will generate error
System.out.println("Add
of A");
}
abstract
void add();
abstract
void sub();
void
mull()
{
System.out.println("Multiply
of A");
}
void
div()
{
System.out.println("Divide
of A\n");
}
}
// Class B is abstract because of not providing the
implementation of abstract void sub() of A.
abstract class B extends A
{
void add()
{ //Class B providing
implementation of abstract void add() of class A
System.out.println("Add
of B");
}
void
div()
{
System.out.println("Divide of
B\n");
}
}
// Class C providing the implementation of abstract void
sub() of A and overriding multiply of A.
class C extends B
{
void
sub()
{
System.out.println("Subtract
of C");
}
void
mull()
{
System.out.println("Multiply
of C");
}
}
public class Abstract2
{
public static
void main (String[] args)
{
//We can
only make Object of class C
A obj1 =
new C(); //Reference class A
B obj2 =
new C(); //Reference class B
C obj3 =
new C();
obj1.add(); //Add of B
obj1.sub();
//Subtract of C
obj1.mull();
//Multiply of C
obj1.div();
//Divide of B
obj2.add(); //Add of B
obj2.sub();
//Subtract of C
obj2.mull();
//Multiply of C
obj2.div();
//Divide of B
obj3.add(); //Add of B
obj3.sub();
//Subtract of C
obj3.mull();
//Multiply of C
obj3.div();
//Divide of B
}
}
OUTPUT
Interfaces
Using
the keyword interface, you can fully abstract a class’ interface from
its implementation. That is, using interface, you can specify what a
class must do, but not how it does it. Interfaces are syntactically similar to
classes, but they lack instance variables, and their methods are declared
without any body. In practice, this means that you can define interfaces which
don’t make assumptions about how they are implemented. Once it is defined, any
number of classes can implement an interface. Also, one class can
implement any number of interfaces.
To
implement an interface, a class must create the complete set of methods defined
by the interface. However, each class is free to determine the details of its
own implementation. By providing the interface keyword, Java allows you
to fully utilize the “one interface, multiple methods” aspect of polymorphism.
Program 1: Interface1
Interface
X
(Abstract
add and sub)
Class
A Implements X
(Implements
add and sub)
//// By aamirjamil
//Methods of Interface are
by default abstract and public
//We can only define their
signatures
interface X{
void add();
void sub();
}
//A child class implements
(not extends) X interface
//A child class will provide
implementation of both abstract methods
//Methods overriding will be
used and access control must be public
class A implements X{
public void add(){
System.out.println("Add of A");
}
public void sub(){
System.out.println("Subtract of
A");
}
}
public class Interface1{
public static void main (String[] args){
A obj1 = new A();
X obj2 = new A(); //Interface reference can
be used to perform //polymorphism
System.out.println("\nAdd and Subtract
of A\n");
obj1.add ();
obj1.sub ();
System.out.println("\add
and Subtract of A on Interface
reference\n");
obj2.add ();
obj2.sub ();
}
}
Study inheritance and using super to call superclass constructors.
Inheritance by Aamir jamil
OBJECTIVE
Study
inheritance and using
super to call superclass constructors.
THEORY
Inheritance is one of the cornerstones of object-oriented programming
because it
allows
the creation of hierarchical classifications. using inheritance, you can create
a
general
class that defines traits common to a set of related items. this class can then
be
inherited by other, more specific classes, each adding those things that are
unique to it. in the terminology of java, a class that is inherited is called a
superclass. the class that does the inheriting is called a subclass. therefore,
a subclass is a specialized version of a superclass. it inherits all of the
instance variables and methods defined by the superclass and adds its own,
unique elements.
Inheritance Basics
To
inherit a class, you simply incorporate the definition of one class into
another by using the extends keyword. To see how, let’s begin with a
short example. The following program creates a superclass called A and a
subclass called B. Notice how the keyword extends is used to
create a subclass of A.
// A simple example of inheritance by aamir jamil
// Create a
superclass.
class A
{
int
i, j;
void
showij()
{
System.out.println("i
and j: " + i + " " + j);
}
}
// Create a
subclass by extending class A.
class B extends A
{
int
k;
void
showk()
{
System.out.println("k: " + k);
}
void
sum()
{
System.out.println("i+j+k: " +
(i+j+k));
}
}
class
SimpleInheritance
{
public
static void main(String args[])
{
A superOb = new A();
B subOb = new B();
// The superclass may be used by itself.
superOb.i = 10;
superOb.j = 20;
System.out.println("Contents
of superOb: ");
superOb.showij();
System.out.println();
/* The subclass has
access to all public members of
its superclass. */
subOb.i = 7;
subOb.j = 8;
subOb.k = 9;
System.out.println("Contents
of subOb: ");
subOb.showij();
subOb.showk();
System.out.println();
System.out.println("Sum
of i, j and k in subOb:");
subOb.sum();
}
}
Output:
Using
super
super has two general forms. The
first calls the superclass’ constructor. The second
is used to access a member of
the superclass that has been hidden by a member of a
subclass.
Using
super to Call Superclass Constructors
A subclass can call a
constructor method defined by its superclass by use of the
following form of super:
super(parameter-list);
Here, parameter-list specifies
any parameters needed by the constructor in the superclass. super( ) must
always be the first statement executed inside a subclass’ constructor.
// by aamir jamil
class Box {
private double
width;
private double
height;
private double
depth;
// construct clone
of an object
Box(Box ob) { //
pass object to constructor
width = ob.width;
height = ob.height;
depth = ob.depth;
}
// constructor used
when all dimensions specified
Box(double w,
double h, double d) {
width = w;
height = h;
depth = d;
}
// compute and
return volume
double volume() {
return width *
height * depth;
}
}
// BoxWeight now
fully implements all constructors.
class BoxWeight
extends Box {
double weight;
// weight of box
// construct
clone of an object
BoxWeight(BoxWeight
ob) { // pass object to constructor
super(ob);
weight =
ob.weight;
}
// constructor
when all parameters are specified
BoxWeight(double
w, double h, double d, double m) {
super(w, h, d);
// call superclass constructor
weight = m;
}
}
class DemoSuper {
public static void
main(String args[]) {
BoxWeight mybox1 =
new BoxWeight(10, 20, 15, 34.3);
BoxWeight myclone =
new BoxWeight(mybox1);
double vol;
vol =
mybox1.volume();
System.out.println("Volume
of mybox1 is " + vol);
System.out.println("Weight
of mybox1 is " + mybox1.weight);
System.out.println();
vol = myclone.volume();
System.out.println("Volume
of myclone is " + vol);
System.out.println("Weight
of myclone is " + myclone.weight);
System.out.println();
}
}
Output:
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